Zhai, X. ., Haudek, K. C., Wilson, C. ., & Stuhlsatz, M. . (2021). A Framework of Construct-Irrelevant Variance for Contextualized Constructed Response Assessment. Frontiers in Education, 6, 409. http://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.751283

Zhai, X. ., Yue, Y. ., Pellegrino, J. W., Haudek, K. C., & Shi, L. . (2020). Applying machine learning in science assessment: a systematic review. Studies in Science Education, 56, 111–151. http://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2020.1735757

Zhai, X. ., Haudek, K. C., & Ma, W. . (2023). Assessing Argumentation Using Machine Learning and Cognitive Diagnostic Modeling. Research in Science Education, 53(2). http://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-022-10062-w (Original work published April 2023)

Zhai, X. ., Haudek, K. C., Stuhlsatz, M. ., & Wilson, C. D. (2020). Evaluation of construct-irrelevant variance yielded by machine and human scoring of a science teacher PCK constructed response assessment. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 67, 100916. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100916

Haudek, K. C., & Zhai, X. . (2021). Exploring the Effect of Assessment Construct Complexity on Machine Learning Scoring of Argumentation. In NARST Annual Conference. Virtual: National Association for Research on Science Teaching and Learning. Retrieved from https://beyondmultiplechoice.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/Haudek_ExploringConstructComplexityonML_NARST2021.pdf (Original work published April 2021)

Zhai, X. ., Haudek, K. C., Shi, L. ., Nehm, R. H., & Urban-Lurain, M. . (2020). From substitution to redefinition: A framework of machine-learning based science assessment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. http://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21658 (Original work published October 2020)

Wilson, C. D., Haudek, K. C., Osborne, J. F., Bracey, Z. E. B., Cheuk, T. ., Donovan, B. M., … Zhai, X. . (2024). Using automated analysis to assess middle school students competence with scientific argumentation. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 61(1). http://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21864 (Original work published January 2024)